Prof JG Krishnayya
Director, Systems Research Institute, Pune, India
geoconcept@vsnl.com

It is good that SoI has been quick to release a comprehensive statement on the manner in which digital maps will be made available to the Indian mapping community.

I assume that these Guidelines will be modified as the real-world experience suggests where changes will improve communication, increase speed, simplify operations. This kind of openness to the possibility of change is always needed.

Committing the SoI to have available all information at all SoI offices, and on the website is a good thing.

Committing the SoI to UTM and WGS-84 - international standards - is also really a great improvement.

Here is where one has to raise questions again about the elimination of all height information from OSM maps. We would appeal again to the SoI and the MoD that they consider the purposes for which digital maps are needed and are to be used in India.

For the foreseeable future, the most important geographic problemfacing the country is (a) Urban expansion and (b) Global Warming and related problems, including water availability. Of the two (b) is more serious, although (a) is more urgent. Particularly where we are tracking snow-melt, and snowpack, height information is very very important. As water becomes ever more a valuable resource, flow information, flow possibilities and therefore height information becomes more and more important. It is very obvious to any urban planner that height information in and around settlements is essential for rational planning. For these - and many other - reasons, we would appeal to the MoD to relax their veto of height information. The international strategic situation, the types of conflicts that India is likely to be in, also suggest that 1-5-10 meter contours will not be important for our defence at a time when satellite-derived information is freely available to potential enemies.

The concept of the Map Transaction Register which enables IT-based total control over the distribution of maps, sounds to me to be too rigid for the culture of the Indian subcontinent. India and Indians do not have the discipline in our culture to sustain such a welldefined methodology (and I say that without criticising our undisciplined, untrammelled style of living). (I note, by the way, that the Guidelines apparently make it illegal for any body, individual or corporate, who is
not “Indian” to indent for or to posses an SoI digital map.) It is not clear to me whether this is entirely realistic.

Prof George Cho
University of Canberra, Australia
george.cho@canberra. edu.au

The Guidelines are part of the National Map Policy (NMP) announced nearly a year ago (www.surveyofindia.gov. in). This policy authorises the Survey of India (SOI) to issue guidelines for the implementation of the NMP and in particular the use of SOI products – analogue and digital. This commentary makes reference to the paragraphs in the Guidelines. The Guidelines consist of four short unpaginated pages, two annexes and a Digital Products Indent Form.

Paragraph 1 provides the background to the NMP at 19th of May 2005 and the origins of the Guidelines.

In para 2(a) it is mentioned that upto- date information on SOI maps will be available everywhere SOI products are handled. A web site address is given for Internet transactions.

More significantly para 2(c ) pertains to approved data content of all Open Series Maps. Further details are outlined in Annex ‘B’. However, mention is made that “export of all maps/digital data in 1:250K and larger scales through any means is prohibited”. Users might ask the question of the meaning of “export”. Any local company may export derived products, albeit, based on SOI information; would this be permissible?

The next sentence states that “topographical data will be licensed to only Indian individuals, organisations, firms or companies”. The meaning of licence is not defined. Is this a licence to use, a licence to copy, a licence to re-purpose? Further only Indian individuals may be licensed. It is unclear whether this includes those with dual citizenships, Indians but non-citizens, and Indians (presumably citizens).

On para 3 the heading on Sales/Data Dissemination contains three subsections. In particular sub-para (a) prohibits the “digitisation of SOI analogue/paper maps”. The Guidelines do not state whether these are in raster or vector form and is silent about whether scanning the whole map sheet as one image is permissible.

Para 3(b) refers to a map transaction registry (MTR) presumably a record of all sales and licensing transactions undertaken. Users will gain a user ID and a transaction ID – presumably for future use and tracing.

Para 3 (c) states that digital maps include both raster and vector forms. The claim to ownership by SOI is made here on all digital data and will only be given under licence against indent and payment. This appears reasonable. But then the Guidelines goes on to state that “unauthorised copying and distribution of SOI digital data are strictly prohibited”. It is unclear what this copying means because once an agency is licensed by SOI it should be able to make copies within limits of the license. How, for instance, could a company operate if it cannot copy its data for its subsidiary or branches. This statement also begs the question as to whether authorised copying is permissible. Everything seemingly will hinge on the words and terms of the licence that has been provided by SOI.

In this paragraph the Guidelines discuss the format of the licences and
point to its availability on the SOI website. The SOI website provides four main types of licences – media, publishing, digital and Internet. Each of these are pdf documents and are quite comprehensive. Among others, the licences in general deal with the scope and terms of the licence agreements (in terms of definition, licence, licensee’s obligations); SOI liabilities, Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), Annual licence fee, Changes to the licence, Audit and inspection rights, Transferring rights and responsibilities, Arbitration, Relationships, Force majeure, Termination, Non-Waiver, Governing law and Jurisdiction.

Para 4 deals with Licensing of Digital Maps. While the licensing of the digital data provide for general use, value adding and marketing, there is a statement which warns that encryption technology has been incorporated into the digital products. The original data will be destroyed if the data were subject to copying activities. Criminal and civil liability attach to these unauthorised activities. The issue here is therefore how any company can make use of the data in order to value add to it or use it for marketing purposes without being given the decryption key to unlock the data. This makes the task of re-use, repurposing the digital data extremely cumbersome and difficult – which presumably is the object of the policy. No details are given as to which parts of the criminal code or civil law would swing into play once someone is detected infringing the agreement.

The format for the “value addition” [sic] licence is not given on the SOI website.

In presentation terms it is believed that it may be better placed to have the various licenses given here as annexes rather than having users refer to the SOI website. Doing so would ease the task of adopting its use more readily.

Para 5 deals with Procedure for Value added products. This paragraph contains a good suggestion in the sense of attempting to encourage the geospatial industry and related knowledge services (as well as the location based service industries). The requirement that a business case be mounted under a memorandum of understanding is something new. This innovative requirement should be applauded and should be welcomed by companies using SOI. The key to success in growing the geospatial industry is one of a partnership rather than a structured hierarchical one of giver and taker.

Para 6 spells out the pricing scheme of various products while para 7 gives details on e-Payments. Again this is a good initiative but could be open to abuse in several ways, for instance, non-citizens hiding behind nom-de-guerre in credit cards issued by Indian financial institutions.

Para 8 is about the settlement of disputes while para 9 is about the applicability of previous instructions. The final para 10 is about “copyrights of all SOI maps”. In reality, this should refer to the more generic intellectual property right. There appears to be a gender bias where a statement begins with “any person” and concludes with “shall make him liable to” criminal and civil liability. Whilst there is a disclaimer in sub-para (ii) (which strictly to be pedantic should be alphabetized rather than numbered) it does not state to what accuracy standards the details are compared with and whether such a disclaimer on possible loss is sufficiently watertight against possible litigation.

Annex A gives the layout of the sheets under the SOI system of mapping. Annex B gives the contents of the open series maps. These look like the beginnings of metadata headers for digital files of geospatial information. But on closer inspection, the content are of insufficient detail for more universal use or for international comparability.

Form A is the SOI Digital Products Indent Form – a 3-paged form for use if one wishes to purchase or get a licence for SOI products. However, such a form lacks a warning on possible civil and criminal liability for entering false information and there is no disclaimer here about the accuracy of maps supplied and the limitation of liability from action for loss or damage incurred as a result of its use.

Overall, an interesting development but reflects the glacial progress into the digital age of a heavy bureaucracy as well as the reality of the information technology revolution in changing the nature of maps in general. however, these Guidelines compare well with the more generic ones in use by Geosciences Australia and Australian government policies Geosciences Australia Digital data licensing and sales policy at
http://www.ga.gov.au/ nmd/products/purchasing/licencing.
htm; and Australian government spatial data policies and guidelines at
http:// www.osdm.gov.au/osdm/policy.html).